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In non-obstructive azoospermia, semen analysis shows no sperm because the testes are producing very little sperm, or sometimes none at all. This is different from obstructive azoospermia, where sperm production may be normal but a blockage prevents sperm from reaching the semen.

Azoospermia means no sperm were seen in the semen sample tested. It sounds absolute, but it is a finding, not a final verdict on fatherhood. Some men produce sperm that cannot get out because of a blockage. Others make very low levels of sperm that may still be found directly in the testicle. Some have hormone-related causes that can be treated.