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That next step is where ICSI becomes central. Surgical sperm retrieval can collect sperm directly from the testicle or epididymis, but the sperm often cannot fertilise an egg through standard IVF on its own. In the laboratory, ICSI allows an embryologist to inject a single selected sperm into a mature egg. This can turn a small retrieved sample into a real chance of embryo development.

In non-obstructive azoospermia, semen analysis shows no sperm because the testes are producing very little sperm, or sometimes none at all. This is different from obstructive azoospermia, where sperm production may be normal but a blockage prevents sperm from reaching the semen.

Discover the common causes of male infertility, including low sperm count, varicocele, azoospermia and hormonal problems, plus how male infertility is diagnosed and treated.

Men with azoospermia face unique challenges, but ICSI combined with surgical sperm retrieval offers a viable path to parenthood. Success depends on the azoospermia type, sperm availability